The business management in the modern world Essay

The business management in the modern world - Essay Example This trend of training by the persons majored in different subjects brought new types of theoretical tools in to the business management. This developed in to critical management studies. The Critical mangement studies finds its roots in US inventions in Eurpoe and from a series of UK labour process conferences. They began in 1983 and reflected the views of Braverman's Marxist theory of business management. Discussion: The critical management perspective can be termed as provocative and revolutionary theory regarding the business management. This theory views critically every aspect of conventional management which was supposed to be the outcome of conventional wisdom. The thoughts of handful of elite will be questioned and the methods will be critically examined.1 The critical study of the management made possible the insights into the unexplored places in the study of the management and resulted in many issues, which found the necessity to research. This type of research activities brought conflict management and human resource management to the fore in the business management. Instead of considering the employees as tools in the business they are now considered as a part of the business. Critical studies reveal that the management cannot be viewed as neutral. It can be considered as complex phenomenon and is a subject of serious examination. The critical management demands critical view and analysis of the organizational management. The ethical, ideological and intellectual inspiration from Habermas and Foucault resulted in innovative application of the management theories. The theory, behavior regarding the organization, marketing, accounting, information systems and operational research can be examined critically and their relevance according to the need can be established. Accounting is an important wing and practice regarding the management. The critical thought regarding management demands changes in accounting practices. The process of accounting and the views of the individuals who practice accounting must be changed according to the needs of critical view and modern needs. The most important outcome regarding accounting due to critical thought is transparency. The laws like Sarbanes and oxley in US and many laws developed transparency in accounts of corporate business. This change brought a lot of change in management processes also. The practices required the change in monitoring by auditors and the cooperation extended by the management. 1 Institutionalism Thinking about institutionalism is also a part of the management and critical theories found a choice in it, which need change. The formation of an institution frames a policy. The social causation that is based around the notion of path dependence brings historical institutionalism. The concept of work utilizing appears to be use the institutionalism consistently. This is in very little agreement with its definition. The use of analytical frame work is explicit in critical studies. The history of institutionalism can be used for avoiding the failures in critical aspect of institutionalism. Archer in 1995, 1996 and 2000 argued that it presents an empirically testable model of path dependence. This model can provide ontological and organizational analysis. The modern industry is witnessing the need of computerisation and this resulted in rise of

Religious Beliefs in Jane Eyre

Religious Beliefs in Jane Eyre Through Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte expresses numerous issues of the Victorian Era. Class and gender inequality, race prejudices, colonialism, and religious beliefs are all but few of the problems addressed. Throughout the novel, Jane struggles with her dilemmas, namely the choice between moral duty and earthly pleasures, and the obligation to her spirit and attention to her body. Despite Jane’s simple life, Bronte often presents Jane various characters that offer contrasting religious beliefs, and in so doing, Bronte shows her disapproval of the Evangelical Movement. Perhaps no character in the novel other than Mr. Brocklehurst best demonstrates the danger and sanctimony of this nineteenth-century church movement. Superficially, he is a devoted Christian who adopts the rhetoric of Evangelicalism by preaching puritanical morality to his students. A brief address on those occasions would not be mistimed, wherein a judicious instructor would take the opportunity of referring to the sufferings of the primitive Christians; to the torments of martyrs; to the exhortations of our blessed Lord himself, calling upon His disciples to take up their cross and follow Him; to His warnings that man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God; to his divine consolations, ‘if ye suffers hunger or thirst for my sake, happy are ye.’ Oh, madam, when you put bread and cheese, instead of burnt porridge, into these children’s mouths, you may indeed feed their vile bodies, but you little think how you starve their immortal souls!†(63; ch.7) Clearly, he is reciting an Evangelical idea—the corruption of the human body and the need of Christ to save them—that is popular during this time. Mr. Brocklehurst takes this idea to the extreme by emphasizing the enrichment of the soul by starving the body. This path of reaching salvation may be acceptable at the time. However, his method of subjecting his student to follow such principles is evidently intolerable and un-Christian-like. The cutting of Julia Severn’s naturally curly hair and the poor nutrition he provides for Lowood’s students are example of such extreme cruel methods. He furthers contradicts his beliefs by supporting his own luxuriously wealthy family at the expense of the Lowood students. By displaying Mr. Brocklehurst hypocrisy, Bronte shows her concerns for the new movement. Not only does Bronte condemn Brocklehurst’s religious doctrine, but she also undermines Helen Burn’s absolute and self-abnegating beliefs. The Christ-like Helen adopts a forbearing mode of Christianity that is too passive for the headstrong Jane to comprehend and to accept. When Helen comforts Jane, Hush, Jane! You think too much of the love of human beings; you are too impulsive, too vehement: the sovereign hand that created your frame, and put life into it, has provided you with other resources than your feeble self, or than creatures feeble as you. Besides this earth, and besides the race of men, there is an invisible world and a kingdom of spirits; that world is round us, for it is everywhere; and those spirits watch us, for they are commissioned to guard us; and if we were dying in pain and shame, if scorn smote us on all sides and hatred crushed us, angels see our tortures, recognise our innocence . . . Why, then, should we ever sink overwhelmed with distress, when life is soon over, and death is so certain an entrance to happiness — to glory? (70; ch.8) Jane feels an â€Å"inexpressible sadness† from those words. Helen consoles Jane by offering the idea that death is the ultimate â€Å"entrance to happiness.† However, Jane is more concern about the life on Earth rather than the life after. She cannot accept Helen’s submissive attitudes toward injustice and the belief that justice will be found in God’s ultimate judgment—reward the good and punish the evil. Jane is overwhelmed by Helen’s blind faith; she thirsts for love and happiness in this world rather than the eternal life that Helen seeks. Thus, at Helen’s deathbed, Jane continuously questions about Helen’s depravity and her deep affinity with God. â€Å"By dying young, I shall escape great sufferings. I had not qualities or talents to make my way very well in the world: I should have been continually at fault.† â€Å"But where are you going to, Helen? Can you see? Do you know?† â€Å"I believe; I have faith: I am going to God.† â€Å"Where is God? What is God?† â€Å"My Maker and yours, who will never destroy what he created. I rely implicitly on his power, and confide wholly in his goodness: I count the hours till that eventful one arrives which shall restore me to him, reveal him to me.† â€Å"You are sure, then Helen, that there is such a place as heaven; and that our souls can get to it when die?† (83; ch.9) Even with Helen’s reassurance that there is really heaven, Jane still questions her self with the thoughts: â€Å"Where is that region? Does it exist?†(83; ch.9) These questions may not affect Helen’s faith at any rate, but her death ultimately make Bronte’s point clear—one cannot relies on faith for survival but can depend on it for guidance. Although St. John Rivers shares many Christian beliefs with Helen Burns, he presents another spectrum of the religious movement that Bronte dissuades. It is clear that St. John is a religious zealot who devotes â€Å"a large portion of his time†¦visiting the sick and poor among the scattered population of his parish.† (357; ch.30) However, his devotion to God does not make him a saint. â€Å"Zealous in his ministerial labours, blameless in his life and habits, he yet did not appear to enjoy that mental serenity, that inward content, which should be the reward of every sincere Christian and practical philanthropist.† (357; ch.30) Bronte makes this point clear when Jane observes at one of his sermons. â€Å"Throughout there was a strange bitterness; an absence of consolatory gentleness; stern allusions†¦I was sure St. John Rivers—pure-lived, conscientious, zealous as he was—had not yet found that peace of God which passeth all understanding: he had no more found it, I thought, than had I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (358; ch.30) Bronte not only questions St. John’s saintliness but also doubts his devotion to Christianity. As a clergyman, he should enjoy his job and love his enemies, rather he â€Å"did not appear to enjoy† his works and ignores Jane, avoids her, and treats her differently after she rejected his proposal. He like Mr. Brocklehurst preaches to serve but does not always practice this himself. He believes the words that he speaks are those of Go speaking through him: â€Å"Do you think God will be satisfied with half an oblation? Will he accept a mutilated sacrifice? It is the cause of God I advocate: it is under His standard I enlist you. I cannon accept on His behalf a divided allegiance: it must be entire.†(413; ch.34) He believes that he knows what God thinks and wants others to do. The arrogance nature of his, together with his cold, dispassionate attitude toward serving God deviates St. John from a true Christian. Unlike Helen Burns, he is a defective mortal. By revealing St. John’s flaws, Bronte shows that doing God’s work on Earth does not mean complete Christian piety. Jane ultimately finds a comfortable religious middle-ground that is not oppressive like Mr. Brocklehurst’s, that is not submissive like Helen Burn’s, and that is not dispassionate like St. John’s. For Jane or rather for Bronte, religion not only helps them find eternal happiness in heaven, but also help them find the essential needs of human life—love.

Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Final Rewrite   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marlow, the speaker of the story, states that them going to Africa is no different than in previous years the Romans entering England. He describes the struggles that the Romans had to go through like the savage inhabitants, diseases, weather, and even to some it meant death. He says that the Romans were conquerors and their only goal was to rob other countries by brute strength, while the British were colonizers who tried to make changes for the better wherever they went.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The monologue isn’t very clear but to me it says that England was a dark place not too long ago. Compared to the existence of the earth 1900 years ago was like yesterday. Also, technology hasn’t changed much and there are many dark places still left on this earth. The things that are intense and seem most important in ones life are insignificant in time. He uses words like â€Å"a running blaze on a plain† and â€Å"flash of lightning in the clouds† to emphasize the quickness of time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The commander sees England as a place like the men see Africa. It is a â€Å"sea the colour of lead† and â€Å"sky the color of smoke† which makes it a dark and gloomy place. There isn’t much to do around as they are on the boat because they can’t dock anywhere and there are â€Å"savages† that would probably sabotage their things if not kill them. Even though the journey might have been scary for them, the commander kept himself happy by thinking that if he survives the journey and gets back to Rome he might get a promotion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The young citizen goes on the trip to â€Å"mend his fortunes†. He goes out to see what England is like and is simply mesmerized by the power of the wilderness. He thinks that there really isn’t a way to fight against it to survive even though you seem powerless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marlow contrast the â€Å"conquerors† to the â€Å"colonists† by showing their reasons for exploration. The Romans were out to conquer the world and they were robbing countries of their land. Their strength rose from the weakness of others and they did what they could to get the most land possible. The Romans were lesser men by doing this. The English at least had a reason to go to Africa.

Case Study †The Golden Rule and a Global Strategy

Since the attacks of September 11th occurred in the United States, there has been a level of social, environmental, and political unrest. This unrest is not only among individuals, but also among businesses worldwide and Four Seasons is not excluded from that list. Most of the scrutiny that is felt is directed at countries and more specifically groups of the Middle East that seemed to be involved with, or to be blamed for the disturbances of September 11th.The case study clearly points out that political unrest between the Middle East and the United States could play a huge role in determining the expansion and over all success of that area (or lack there of). Unfavorable economic and political conditions in international markets, including civil unrest and governmental changes, could undermine consumer confidence and reduce the consumers' purchasing power, thereby reducing demand for leisure products like luxury hotels.In addition, boycotts resulting from political activism could re duce demand, while restrictions on the ability to transfer earnings or capital across borders which may be imposed or expanded as a result of political and economic instability could impact profitability for four seasons. Without limiting the generality of the preceding sentences, the unfavorable business environment, the current unstable economic and political conditions and civil unrest and political activism in the Middle East, and the unstable situation in Iraq or the continuation or escalation of terrorist activities could adversely impact international business.Even with these economic and political factors to consider, socio-cultural factors also play a huge role in assessing risk for the development of a Four Seasons hotel in the Middle East. The four Seasons practices business in a European way (being headquartered in Canada), with their primary focus being customer service, customer loyalty, and values that correspond to American and European culture. Middle eastern Social values are vastly different, and may result in conflicts of service. For one, Woman are considered to be in a lower separate classes, as compared to American and European beliefs.This would go against the hotels core competencies and beliefs for how their customer should be treated. Small things such as having pets, or understanding poverty, all play a huge role in understanding the culture. The bottom line of this issue is tolerance. Tolerance between our socio-cultural beliefs are vastly different, therefore could be risky if you try to mix them for business reasons. The case talks about how the industry is under the process of consolidation. Strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions are a huge reason why international investments in the Middle East may be less concerning.In the case of Four Seasons, the article discusses how many acquisitions and mergers have taken place with Four Seasons since the 1970s and 1990s. An important one was the acquisition of Regent international hotels. Not only did that expand them into Eastern markets, but it also lured an alliance with The Saudi Arabian Prince when he bought 25% of the company for 167 million dollars. His understanding the culture and his deep pockets allowed them into a market that was otherwise a very risky proposition. As per the case study, this reason is the reason for economic expansion and growth in the Middle East.The pro’s and Con’s of the luxury hotel segment There are many benefits to being in the luxury hotel segment. The case study strongly suggests that individuality is a key competitive advantage for this segment. What positively distinguishes a brand is the unique level of service offered, known as â€Å"the golden rule†. The golden rule is to treat others as you would like to be treated (which in the Ritz Carlton, it means ladies and gentlemen serving ladies and gentlemen). This is typically not the case in lower level hotel segments, which creates a competitive adv antage for these upper echelon hotels.Another key advantage that the case points out is the luxury segments ability to be averse or immune from economic downturns, such as the one that occurred on September 11th 2001. The effected population consists of the middle class. The â€Å"movers and shakers† of the world will still utilize the amenities of the luxury segment. Brand name recognition is another huge advantage for this segment. This accounts for over 80% of their marketing efforts. According to the urban land institute property performance survey, the upscale luxury segment will significantly outperform the mid prices economy segment through mid 2002.  (Even with a total market share of only 17. 6%).Another advantage was occurring in times of economic distress. The cost associated with opening new hotels was astronomical, causing a very high barrier to entry for non-established brands in the middle market segment. This is a clear indicator of a strong luxury segment. Companies such as the Four Seasons have been moving into hotel management, which has a lower perceived risk and a lower cost of ownership. With all these advantages at hand, the case study suggests that now is the time that the luxury hotel segment should expand on all these factors.Although the advantages seem legitimate, there are causes for concern for the luxury hotel segment and it starts with competition with the lower hotel segments. The case discusses a downturn in business travelers and an upswing of leisure travelers by a considerable margin. The issue for the luxury segment occurred when lower level hotels were cannibalizing their guests by tailoring services to match their needs instead of losing them to luxury hotels. Examples of this would be Wyndham by request, which is a customer relationship management model.Another huge area of concern for luxury hotels is the change in technology and how that affects the capture of new and repeat clientele. It’s stated in t he article that lower segment hotels have adopted recent technology changes quickly but the luxury segment was slow to grasp it. This was a clear disadvantage to the luxury industry that relied heavily on bookings from agents, and telecommunications. In 2002, Four Seasons hired MICROS systems to consolidate all customer records and help them link the properties systems. The development of new luxury properties was sure to slow down drastically in an economic downturn.This made expansion a harder proposition. It would cost luxury hotels nearly 375,000 dollars per room to expand with a new building as opposed to the 48,900 dollars per room for middle market hotels. Due to this drastic cost difference, luxury hotels had to rely on developing there existing assets which is â€Å"very difficult† to the case studies point. Hotel Management VS real-estate Ownership In order to discuss why the Four Seasons became a management company, we must first understand how it was accomplished. In 1974, cost overruns nearly led the company into bankruptcy.As a result, the company began shifting to its current, management-only business model and eliminate costs associated with buying land and buildings and instead begin earning profits through managing them. The recent economic downturns such as the September 11th disaster forced the company to sell its shares to majority stockholders such as the Saudi Arabian Prince who bought 176 million dollars in shares. After that point, Four Seasons got into the market of managing properties as they acquired hotels such as Regent and many others.This is when Four Seasons started to manager their properties. It operates them on behalf of real estate owners and developers. The contracts between Four Seasons and property owners typically permits the company to participate in the design of the property and run it with nearly total control over every aspect of the operation. Four Seasons generally earns 3 percent of the gross income and a pproximately 5 percent of profits from the properties it operates, and the property owners are required to additionally contribute money for chain-wide sales, marketing and reservations systems.Four Seasons hotels have larger staffs than competing chains, therefore they create separate reserve accounts to cover upkeep costs. While profit margins are relatively low, the reputation of the brand and the value of the hotel for sale as well as loan collateral generate developer interest. Lets look at some figures from the table on page 29 to understand why they chose to be a management company. From 1998 to 2000, ownership operations produced a positive income of 9,000, 8,000 and 13,000.Although the numbers are positive, they are a minuscule number in comparison to the profits of the management operations, which were 79,000, 89,000 and 125,000 for those years. If we look ahead to the years 2001 and 2002, you will notice that the ownership operations actually yielded a loss for both years of (10,000) and (19,000). These numbers are in congruence with the expected economic downturn that occurred at that time that affected all hotels. This is why Four Seasons made the move to managing hotels.If we pull up the management operations profit figures, we notice that for year 2001 they earned 95,000 and in 2002 they earned 82,000. Although it’s less then the year’s prior, we can clearly see the difference in profits, even with a management fees and royalties earned of 3 to 5 %. Average revenue streams and the interpretation of net earnings and cash from operations Average revenue per property: Worldwide $52,173 x 365 = $19,143,145 United States $67,808 x 365 = $24,749,920 Europe/Middle east $44,572 x 365 = $16,268,780 Net income: 1999 $86,4792001 $86,486 2002 $21,231 Cash used in operations: 1999 $106,787 2001 $75,510 2002 $41,673 Calculation of difference between the tow measures: Year 1999 ($20,308) Year 2001 $10,976 Year 2002 ($20,532) In the year 1999, Fou r Seasons showed a positive growth in their net earnings statement coming in around 86,000. The issue here is that the cash used in operations exceeded the amount that was profit, leaving a negative number. The same applies for year 2002. However, in 2001, it shows that the net profits were still higher than cashed used in operations.This pattern does not directly correlate to overall business decline, but just a difference in how the money is being received throughout Four Seasons. Operating cash flow is the lifeblood of a company and the most important barometer that investors have. Although many investors gravitate toward net income, operating cash flow is a better metric of a company's financial health for two main reasons. First, cash flow is harder to manipulate under GAAP than net income. Second, â€Å"cash is king† and a company that does not generate cash over the long term is on its deathbed.Calculations of profit margins, ROA, and ROE and the 5 year trend 1998-2002 Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Net Profit Margin 28. 02% 31. 16% 29. 66% 28. 53% 7. 46% ROA 12. 79% 10. 39% 10. 47% 8. 82% 2. 19% ROE 12. 79% 10. 39% 10. 47% 8. 82% 2. 19% From the above calculations, we can make some educated inferences as to the direction that the company is headed. We can see that the Net profits are steady and then take a severe plunge. This is probably due the September 11th occurrence (which also leads to consumer shock and uncertainty). Nonetheless, it’s frightening to see your margins fall that low.On the flip side, we can see that the ROA and the ROE are identical. First of all this means the Four Seasons did a great job managing their debt to equity. Research indicates that if your ROA equals the ROE, then your company has no debt. This was accomplished when Four Seasons decided to become private again and sell its shares to rich investors. This also was a testament to their willingness to change amid a vastly adapting service industry. They had to create a niche in the management field and shy away from the real estate norm.The direction that the company will head in the next 5 years will also involve much of what they already did, and that is adapt to change. The calculations and all the research through this case study suggests that its getting harder and harder to attain the same cash flows by doing the same activity. A new platform will have to change the way Four seasons captures new business, and secures its returning business for more profits than ever before. The platform is consumer technology platforms. With time, the luxury consumer will become happier, but also more discerning.Customization on a customer-by-customer basis will be important. Creating a digital experience on the web will heavily increase traffic. Most important of all points will be the age of social media networking. Companies like facebook are starting to pop up in this 5 year trend forecast, and being the front runner in this technology will crea te a digital media universe at the their disposal. The mobile revolution is also on the horizon in this forecast, so having your company prepared for this will undoubtedly help your profits, ROA, and ROE.

Stakeholders

Resource management In Kenya Is a key aspect that Is observed by various state organs to ensure they are well managed. These resources range from the available land for settlement to the recently discovered minerals such as the oil in Turban region. The status of these resources is usually assessed by means of aerial photographs and Intensive ground trotting. Maps are produced on GIS environment making It possible to store, retrieve and analyses various types of information very quickly.The maps together with the digitized information provide important tools to he management of the resources both natural and man-made thus providing useful overviews for planning, Implementation and monitoring. This information is vital for the government and other stake holders who are Involved In the management, exploitation and control of these resources. Land Is one of the key resources that Its management Is through the adoption of the GIS. The processes of administering and managing land over th e last over 100 years has mainly relied on a paper-based manual system.The hundreds of records generated have since posed a great challenge, and unbearable to effectively refer to scores and retrieve them. As a result therefore, the entire process has become Inefficient, time consuming, unreliable, restrictive, occasioned repetitiveness, unaccountable and costly, undermining efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery by the government departments that are responsible for this process. In order to address these daunting challenges owing to the legacy Paper-Base Systems dating back Into the 1900, there Is need for compensation In terms of allocation and management.This involves converting the existing land records into digital records that will be used electronically while the paper records are stored into an archive. The electronic records will be used in day to day transactions, while the archive records are preserved and will only be used as reference records. In terms of lan d allocation and apportioning, the Geographic Information System should be applied. This will give the accuracy and it will make the allocation process to be more effective and cost effective.Land in Kenya is regarded as the most important asset and It serves a wide range of activities ranging from the farming, settlement to being the primary factor of production for Industries and other processing businesses. Land has been always the contentious issue ever since the time of independence. The major problem in Kenya is the lack of a management plan owing to lack of reliable and up-to-date comprehensive land demarcation maps. Most of the stakeholders don't have access to Information on the changes that have occurred In the lands department in Kenya over period of time. OFF The aim of this proposal is to show how GIS specialist are able to manage captured and processed survey data concerning land distribution and allocation within the associated organization through the development of approaches to achieve information that is â€Å"GIs-ready' and eventually to disseminate the end product geopolitical data over the Internet using current geopolitical handling technology via all appropriate standards. Throughout the research the main objectives can be given as follows: To review the type and format of raw and processed survey and mapping data for the land distribution which have been stored for a long time?To construct a survey data management system to facilitate the combination of data and information from raw and processed survey data from different seamless databases and sources using GIS technique. To design a flow line and modus operandi to remodel and transform the managed survey data into GIs-ready information using contemporary geographic information application and technology. To develop an on- line geographic information system to facilitate the delivery of geopolitical data via the Web to meet the needs of corporate Intranet and demands of worldwide In ternet access. There is need for application of remote sensing and GIS technology in mapping of various areas to show the appropriate distribution, allocation and management of the land. Remote sensing and GIS are increasingly used worldwide to assist in gathering and analyzing images acquired from aircrafts, satellites and even balloons. The notable advantages of using GIS include the ability to update the information rapidly, to undertake comparative analytical work and making this information available as required.GIS in addition to providing efficient data storage and retrieval facilities also offers a cheaper option of monitoring land distribution over time. The growth of Internet access and use coupled with advancements in web eased technologies over the past decade has provided new possibilities for the access, delivery and use of geographical information system. (GIS). GIS sector has begun to recognize the importance and role of the web for the dissemination of spatial infor mation, with many GIG technology vendors now offering extended systems of Internet Map Server (M'S) to their desktop products e. . Arches, Comedic, GE Smallwood AIMS. The development of such systems has introduced and highlighted issues pertinent to the use of Geographical Information System via the web for appropriate land distribution and management. For the government to ensure it has achieved its set objects in terms of land management and distribution, there are various initiatives that have been drawn up to bring the country closer to that objective. One of these is the e-government initiative of using technology for the improvement of many services and connectivity of various products.The government should ensure that the data are stored in various seamless databases, data files and image files. These datasets should be able to serve communities who use geopolitical data and information for businesses and developments and telnets. There are a number of applications using GIS technology used in and provide specializes data according to their functions; however in many cases users or even organizations themselves need other datasets for a particular application. The main problem that faces the GIS community nowadays in Kenya and some developing countries is the missing of geopolitical data and information as well as the geopolitical data services on the land related issues. A gap exists between surveying standards and practices and those in GIS. GIS specialists had expressed that surveying community are slow in achieving map and data product, not to mention expensive and unfinished artifacts.They instead produce their own data which do not compromise to the standard of formality in which surveyors respond that clients are confused and given with incorrect norm of data as well as map. This creates misunderstanding and surveyors esteem may be challenged in term of their public mission and work. This mental disagreement at least can be tackled by some availa ble software technology which surveyors can easily incorporate their agreements and calculations into GIS databases that serve all sections and applications in an organization.Survey data should therefore be stored in a GIS environment. CONCLUSION This proposal is intended to explain how to manage survey datasets on resource management through the production of GIs-ready information using appropriate standard and computing application involved. The Government and stake holders should come together and realism there is need of training the specialist who are able to handle GIS and Remote Sensing applications. This will help during planning, monitoring and distribution of the essential resources. Stakeholders Currently, 29 floor commercial towers of GIFT have been completed and the full project is estimated to be completed by 2017. The purpose to build this huge project is to provide world class infrastructure to a broad range of finance and tech firms from different parts the country. It will comprise of Software Technology Parks of India (STEP) units, malls, Special Economic Zone (SEE), integrated townships, hotels, stock exchange, international techno park and various service units. (2011) A 50:50 Joint venture company â€Å"Gujarat International Finance Etc-City Company Limited† (GIFT) is eating this project for which I am the project manager.This company is the Joint venture of Government of Gujarat (GO) with its undertaking Gujarat Underdevelopment Company Limited (GUIDED) and International Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS). (2011) Gujarat Under Development Company limited (GUID) assists capacity building and project implementation. And IL&FS incorporated in 1987 provides financial services for the development of core infrastructure areas. Over the years IL&FS has increased its shareholdings including State Bank of India, IRIS Corporation of Japan and ABA Dhabi Investment Authority.The aim of this project is to build a CB that will provide as a paradigm for the next world class city in terms of infrastructure, quality of life and work. It is designed as a hub for the global financial service sector showcasing business orientated growth with equity. It has the state of the art connectivity and transportation access, thus providing a better quality of life and treating it as a precious resource. GIFT would provide 5, 00,000 direct and indirect Jobs which would require 62 million square feet of real estate offices. This will attract top talent in the country who aims at living the best quality of life.GIFT is a Financial and Information Technology hub and is designed to be at par with other world class financial centers in Tokyo, Paris, London, etc. (20 14) All the best and major companies are involved in this project for electricity, piped gas, Telecoms, Air conditioning and all the basic necessities of life. The targeted business divisions of GIFT are the banking sectors, Asset management companies, IT services, BOP and KOP services. Now, for this big project to be completed different associates and consultants are part of this project which our company GIFT would be dealing with.I m the project manager and responsible for this big and important project to be completed without no delays and no failures. Every mega project has stakeholders both external and internal. Stakeholder management process conducted efficiently facilitates in improving the project. 2. 0 Stakeholders: Stakeholders are any group or individuals that are actively involved in the project and whose interest may be affected by the achievement of the corporation. These are those groups or people that have vested interest in the success of the project and environme nt within which the project operates.A majorette has group of takeovers associated throughout its lifestyle. The composition of stakeholders varies from project to project. Stakeholders are classified according to their relationship to the project. Rodgers 2000) 2. 1 Internal stakeholders: Internal stakeholders are the primary stakeholders that are directly, financially and legally associated with the project. They can be project owners, client organization, project management team, customer user, employees and financial creditors. Internal stakeholders are formally connected with the project. 2. External stakeholders: External stakeholders are the secondary stakeholders that do not have a ramifications associated with the project and are not directly employed by the company. They may comprise of customers, clients, wholesalers, local and national government bodies, social and political organizations, nearby residents, media, social services, etc. 3. 0 Identification of GIFT Stakeho lders: stakeholders associated with it. 3. 1 The Promoters: Gujarat Urban Development Company Limited (GUID) which is government body that assists the state government for the urban development and formulation of policies.This stakeholder would facilitate sustainable development of urban areas for achieving high living standards. Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services (IL&FS) is another promoter for this project that was promoted by Central Bank of India (CB), Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited (HEAD) and Unit Trust of India (UT'). They focus on core development areas with their financial services. 3. 2 The Associates: East China Architectural Design Institute (ACADIA) and Firewood India Put Limited are responsible for the design and architecture of the GIFT.McKinney and Company, Jones Lang Losable Meghan and McMahon & Tabor are responsible for market demand assistance. Hewitt has been assigned for the talent demand assessment. British Telecoms is responsible for CIT services and its applications. ABA group of Switzerland will be responsible for supplying electricity and setting up of power grids. (2011) The general public, local public of Gujarat, local and national level bodies of Gujarat, media, nearby residents to the location of the project and social services like schools, hospitals fall under stakeholders of this project. . 0 Classification of GIFT stakeholders: There are a lot of stakeholders for this project as GIFT has asked for the services from different sectors for the successful completion of the project yielding maximum infinite. And there are important as well as less important stakeholders. The role of the project manager is not only to understand the technical specifications and features but also the people associated with it, links between the technology, environment and communities associated with it..As the project manager for the company, I have to deal them with all at some stage or the other. Stakeholders for my comp any are categorized on the scale of interest and power ranging from low level to high level. They are assessed according to their level of interest compared to the power they possess to exercise those interests. 4. Stakeholder Matrix: Below is the Stakeholder matrix describing the different types of stakeholders according to their interests and power in this project. (Oleander 2006) Stakeholder Matrix 5. Engagement with the stakeholders: Large scale projects sometimes easily fail when we neglect to engage the key stakeholders of the project. Project managers and teams spend months and years to complete a project but fails due to the insufficient shortages of internal and external resources. The key is to follow a systematic approach for engaging with the stakeholders at various levels depending on their importance. It is important to view he stakeholder landscape from multiple dimensions, inside and outside the organization. (Sahara 2008) 1.Key Stakeholders: High interest and high p ower The key stakeholders mentioned in the table are the first and foremost ones I as a project manager have to satisfy them as they have the power to affect the company and a high degree of likelihood that they will use their power. Gujarat International of India and state government have to be communicated effectively and correctly to take approvals for the legal formalities. Gujarat Urban Development Authority is one of the key stakeholders for acquisition of land. Before the start of the project all the legal permissions and formalities has to be done.For approval of Special Economic Zones (SEE), Ministry of Commerce (Gobo. Of India) is another important stakeholder. (2014) GAUD, central Civil Aviation department, environmentalists and micro zoning are some more key players that have the highest interests and power for the project to be initiated and completed. So having formal meetings, permissions and approvals for the same have to be done at early stages for the kick start of the project. These stakeholders are directly involved with setting program vision and goals for overall aerogram leadership and management.These stakeholders have the power to formally instruct change and even can stop the work. So, the senior government officials of the Gujarat Urban Development Company Limited (GUIDED) and Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL) have to be informed at every stage in the project for their approval. The Coo's and COO's of both the companies are directly involved at early stage because ultimately they are responsible for the successful completion of the project. The second and important stakeholders of these kinds are the associates associated with the project. They are big shot impasses that are the best in their fields.They have the say in every new building or tower of GIFT that has to be built. These are: Consortium of Firewood India Put. Ltd. And East China Architectural Design Institute (DEAD) which are responsible for the design of t he entire project. So the officials of these companies are involved at every stage for further development of the project. Market Demand Assessment companies (McKinney & Company). British Telecoms for CIT services have been appointed for the IT services and its applications. ABA group of Switzerland is responsible for the power management and power grids.Communications 2013) The services of these companies have been hired by or company at a very high cost due to their excellence in their respective fields. These companies won't stake their reputation for the sake of money and profits made by them in this project. If something goes wrong, they will have the bad name in the industry and may affect worldwide reputation. So they have the highest power and interests and affect the overall development of the project. They have the say at every stage of the project and their advice and suggestions on the project is essential as they will be assessing this entire city.These stakeholders hav e the highest power and interests and their decisions will impact significantly on the project. 2. Keeping stakeholders satisfied: High power but low interests These types of stakeholders have high powers and may not realize the degree of effect they have over the company and therefore must be kept satisfied. For our company the sub-contractors and suppliers constitute these types of stakeholders. Consultation is being taken from the multinational companies but the material will be supplied by the local suppliers and sub-contractors. Every constructional project requires the resources for land placement and buildings.These may include building material, electric components, sewage components, CIT material, power supply material and many more. Most of the materials come from local suppliers and national suppliers and company relies on them for the material. These have high impact on the company but are not aware of the any events taking place and hence these have to be kept satisfied . Similarly, the sub-contractors that supplies labor and workforce constitutes these types of stakeholders. The unions and workforce involved in the construction of the Gujarat International Finance Etc-city are heavily involved in the reject.Our company pays them their wages and salary as suitable to the sub- contractors and they are happy with this. They don't much care about what is happening in the company and when the project will be completed. As long as they get the wages, they are satisfied and keep on working for this entire project. The meetings with the head of the sub-contractor take on a weekly basis as they are mainly concerned with the salaries and wages of their workforce. Similarly, the suppliers for our project supply the material from their stock houses and ware houses and are not aware of any events.Although the material requirement matters he most in a project, but our company pays our suppliers in a timely manner and they are satisfied. So, these kind of stakeh olders have high powers in terms of workforce and building material and have to be kept satisfied. 3. Keeping stakeholders informed: High interest low power These type of stakeholders although have a high interest but has little power to exercise control so they can be maintained through the management of information to keep them informed about the company events.As our company is heading this GIFT project, there are a number of banks and financial companies associated with s. Involving them in every important meeting may lead to confusions which can cause delay in the project. As our company holds different events every month about the new allotments, offers and schemes, these financial banks and authorities can be informed and hence can be kept at a distance. 4. Minimal Effort stakeholders: Low power low interest This type of stakeholders poses no threat to the company due to lack of both power and interest.Our company pays very less focus on this group. These are not directly rel ated to the project but may general interest in the program's outcome. For our reject which in the state of Gujarat, the local social groups, local communities, social services (schools, hospitals, etc), nearby residents, and pressure groups falls under this category. There are different Gujarat Government Departments that may interfere with the project.The meetings with these stakeholders can be held once in 6 months as our company poses no threat from them. A minimum effort is required on them and not much time is wasted on these stakeholders. 5. 1 Stakeholders influence on project lifestyle: Table below summarizes how the project manager approaches different stakeholders n context of their individual relationships. The effect of project life cycle perceived by project manager is done on four main spheres namely: decision making; time; cost and environment.Every sphere is given a rating on the scale from 1-5: 1=Extremely weak; 2=Weak; 3=Neutral; 4=Strong; 5=Extremely strong Table: Stakeholders ranking based on the influence on four project spheres Stakeholder rank Time Cost Environment Project Manager (GUIDED) 4 5 Promoters 2 Associates Contractors 3 Government Authorities ;appliers Trade associations 6 Local Communities 6. 0 Risk Assessment and Management: It is impossible to specify all the risks that arise from development of construction projects. Our project Gujarat International Finance Etc-city (GIFT ) is a billion dollar project and has all kinds of risks associated with it.And as a project manager for this project I would try to manage risks in order to achieve the project objectives in terms of cost, quality, time, safety and environment. There are different types of risks associated which I have classified them into three parts: 1 . Conventional Risks: Reasons Fire Messy storage of wood, use of flammable liquid, use of plastics, welding works, cigarette buds, electric material, etc†¦ Lightning Atmospheric electricity, lightning conductors. Ex plosions Temporary transforms for electricity supply, boilers and compressors. 2.Catastrophic Risks: These risks are known as unforeseen risks and not in our hands as they are consider as Acts of God. They can be: Winds, storms and cyclones Taking not into account the climatic conditions of the construction site. Floods and water induced damages GIFT sits at the banks of Substrata river. Insufficient consideration of the hydrological and meteorological conditions, lack of drainages and scarcity of diversion channels. Earthquakes Seismic in the area not taken into consideration. Ground subsidence and rock falls Lack of good egotistical study, pockets in deeper layers of ground, increase in 3.Risks related to project activities: Cost related risks Tight project schedule, client variation, price inflation of materials, government approvals formalities, dispute occurrence, inaccurate cost estimate and program scheduling. Time related risks Bureaucracy of government, high performance and quality expectations, incomplete approvals of documents. Quality related risks Unsuitable construction planning, variations in construction programs, defects in organism, unskillful and negligence. Environment related risk Low management consultancy, unavailability of environmentalists, noise, sound and air pollution.Safety related risks Scarcity of skilled labor, lack of coordination between project participants, order and cleanliness, unavailability of portable fire extinguishers, etc. So as a project manager I have identified what all risks are involved in construction of GIFT. Risk Management is a procedure of looking at various risks and determining how each should be treated. Tight project schedule is a significant risk related to the project delivery. As time and cost are always related to each other I will prepare a practical schedule allowing a sufficient time to accommodate all design and construction activities.I will establish a team to obtain approval from government a gencies and prepare project reports efficiently. For the design to be accurate and according to the requirements, I will ask the design team I. E. DEAD which is hired for design and development to understand the client's requirement and establish an effective communication plan. Involving the contractors and sub-contractors at early stage can minimize the inaccuracy. Ground testing, soil testing, bore hole and survey tit government agencies would be conducted to reduce unexpected risks.Lack of coordination between project participants leads to chaos and confusion among management teams. A skilled manager would be appointed to manage conflicts between team and program coordination. I would discuss with teams and negotiate with project managers for any design variations or problems in construction. The sub-contractors allocate their manpower to other projects and resources at the same time to maximize profit. So, the sub-contractor would be chosen in such a way that his manpower is de dicated to our only GIFT project so that there is no scarcity of Barbour and man force. Dry Patrick) Gujarat government forms a major role in this project. Maintaining close relationships with government agencies and local government makes the environment friendly and cordial from both the sides. Our project has the top-most officials involved from both the Gujarat government and from International Leasing & Financial Services Limited (IL). These government officials are from the department of Indian Administrative Services (AS). (2011) They affect the development of the project. To sum up, dealing and managing all the risks in our project (GIFT) would result in building a modern India and a world class infrastructure. . 0 Legal liabilities of GIFT: Every government project in India has to abide by the Indian government rules and regulations. GIFT is a mega project been built in Gujarat. It falls under the Jurisdiction of State Government of Gujarat. GIFT is implemented by GIFT whic h is a Joint venture company between the Government of Gujarat (GO) represented by GIG-CDC and Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Construction in India is prone to some form of conflicts and disputes resulting in litigation. Inefficient documentation and project management often results in disputes amongst developers, project manager and contractors.One problem with construction litigation in India is that it is time consuming and courts are not equipped to handle the technical issues emanating from construction contracts. There are various legal liabilities regarding the construction matters. L, as a project manager will take all these legal formalities into account and resolve them at the early stage to prevent delay in the project. Arbitration centre in India known as Construction Industry Arbitration Council (CIA)(2010) is set up by the Construction Industry Development Council, India (CDC) in co-operation with the Singapore International ArbitrationCentre (ASIA) for institutional mechanism for resolution of construction and infrastructure related disputes. So, as a project manager working with Gujarat International Financial Etc-city Limited, I with my full efforts and awareness would work in building this next generation world for our country, the first of its kind in India. 8. 0 References: (2010). (2011). â€Å"Construction Industry Arbitration Council (CIA). † From http://www. CIA. In/. ASSOCIATES. † from http://gift]art. In/gift/partners-advisors. Asps. â€Å"Management. † from http://gift]art. In/management/management. Asps.